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| 缓释肥在荔枝上的节肥增产效应及土壤微生物群落的响应
摘要
荔枝作为我国热区栽培面积最广的水果，年产量可达200万吨，其中，荔枝早熟品种“妃子笑”产量占比高达80%，为果农带来了非常可观的收益。但随着荔枝产业的快速发展，仅凭经验施肥导致的肥料施用结构不合理和成本增高等问题已无法满足对荔枝高产优质的要求。因此，如何节省肥料成本、按需施肥已成为荔枝种植亟待解决的重要问题。本试验以“妃子笑”荔枝为研究对象，选用两种缓释肥（8-4-8型和10-4-6型），采取随机区组方式在田间设置七个处理，于2018-2020年在海南省文昌市宝芳荔枝种植基地开展试验，探究化肥减量条件下施用缓释肥在荔枝上的节肥增效潜力，对荔枝不同生育期的土壤肥力、叶片矿质营养、果实产量和品质以及土壤微生物群落结构进行分析，并采用静水溶出率法和田间填埋法对缓释肥进行养分释放性能进行分析评价，初步获取适合荔枝节肥增效的配套施肥技术。以期为荔枝的化肥减施增效模式和缓释肥的推广提供理论依据和数据支撑。本试验具体研究结果如下:
关键词：荔枝 缓释肥 养分释放特征 节肥增效 土壤微生物多样性
Abstract
As the most widely cultivated fruit in my country's hot areas, litchi has an annual output of up to 2 million tons. Among them, the early-maturing variety of litchi "Feizixiao" accounts for up to 80% of the output, bringing very considerable benefits to fruit farmers. However, with the rapid development of the litchi industry,problems such as unreasonable fertilizer application structure and increased cost caused by empirical fertilization alone can no longer meet the requirements for high yield and quality of litchi. Therefore, how to save fertilizer costs and fertilize on demand hasbecome an important issue to be solved urgently for litchi planting. In this experiment, "Feizixiao" litchi was used as the research object,two kinds of slow-release fertilizers (8-4-8 and 10-4-6) were selected,and seven treatments were set up in the field by random block method,in 2018-2020 An experiment was carried out at the Baofang Litchi Planting Base in Wenchang City, Hainan Province in 1999 to explore the fertilizer-saving and efficiency-saving potential of applying slow-release fertilizers on litchis under the condition of reduced chemical fertilizers, and to improve the soil fertility, leaf mineral nutrition, fruit yield and fruit yields of litchis in different growth periods. The quality and soil microbial community structure were analyzed,and the nutrient release performance of the slow-release fertilizer was analyzed and evaluated by the static water dissolution ratemethod and the field landfill method, and the supporting fertilization technology suitable for the increased efficiency of the litchi fertilizer was initially obtained. It is expected to provide theoretical basis and data support for the promotion of lychee's fertilizer reduction and efficiency model and slow-release fertilizer. The specific research results of this experiment are as follows:
1.The initial nutrient release rate and 28-day cumulative nutrient releaserate of the slow-release fertilizer nitrogen in the static water dissolution rate method and the soil landfill method did not exceed 15% and 80%. The two slow-release fertilizers are in the soil and water before 84 The total nutrient release characteristics of days are similar, and the difference gradually increases after 84 days. The time required for the cumulative nutrient release to reach 80% under the two detection methods is different. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that with the increase of the release time ofthe slow-release fertilizer,the residues of the slow-release fertilizer in the two detection methods increased and the weight loss rate decreased, but the weight loss rate in the soil medium was lower than that in the water medium.
2.The test results from 2018 to 2019 show that under the condition of 33% reduction in chemical fertilizer application,slow-release fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer has no significant effect on the physical properties of thesoil; the application of slow-release fertilizer during the aging period and fruit ripening period of litchi tips Ithas no significant effect on soil pH, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium content;it has no significant effect on the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, total calcium and total magnesium content of litchi leaves. Compared with conventional fertilization,the application of slow-release fertilizer can significantly increase the soluble sugar content by 3.69%, the soluble solid content by 6.82% and the Vc content by 3.76% under the condition of 33% reduction in chemical fertilizer application.5.97% increase in production and 5.03% increase in income.
3.The test results from 2019 to 2020 show that in the 0-20cm soil layer,slow-release fertilizers and compound fertilizers have no significant effect on soil pH and organic matter content,and slow-release fertilizers reduced by 30% have no significant effect on soil available phosphorus And the content of available potassium has no significant effect. In the 20-40cm soil layer, slow-release fertilizer and compound fertilizer treatments have no significant effect on soil pH and organic matter content,and a 30% reduction in slow-release fertilizer can significantly reduce the content of soil available nitrogen and available phosphorus. The potassium content has no significant effect.The application of slow-release fertilizer can significantly increase the leaf nitrogen andphosphorus content, and the application of slow-release fertilizer or compound fertilizer reduced by 30% has no significant effect on the leaf potassium, calcium and magnesium content. A 30% reduction in chemical fertilizers can significantly reduce the total acidity of litchi fruits, and has little effect on soluble solids. Under these conditions,the application of slow-release fertilizer can significantly increase the single fruit weight and edible rate of litchi, and increase the soluble sugar content and Vc content of litchi. Moreover, under the condition that the total amount of chemical fertilizers is reduced by15% to 30%, the combined application of compound fertilizer and slow-release fertilizer have no significant impact on the yield of litchi, which can achieve a yield increase of 4.47-8.53% and a benefit increase of 5.10-8.05%.
4.Both the slow-release fertilizer and compound fertilizer treatments can significantly increase the number of bacteria and fungi in the soil,but the impact on the diversity of bacteria and fungi is not significant. In the bacterial abundance of 0-20cm soil layer,combined application of compound fertilizer andslow-release fertilizer treatment mainly affects the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi. In the 20-40cm soil layer, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi is greatly affected by different fertilization treatments;Ascomycota and Ba-sidiomycota are the main fungi in thesoil of the litchi orchard, and different fertilization treatments mainly affect the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
Key words: Litchi((Litchi Chinensis Sonn.); slow release fertilizer; nutrient release characteristics;saving fertilizer and increasing efficiency; soil microbial diversity
tilizer have no significant impact on the yield of litchi, which can achieve a yield increase of 4.47-8.53% and a benefit increase of 5.10-8.05%.
4.Both the slow-release fertilizer and compound fertilizer treatments can significantly increase the number of bacteria and fungi in the soil,but the impact on the diversity of bacteria and fungi is not significant. In the bacterial abundance of 0-20cm soil layer,combined application of compound fertilizer andslow-release fertilizer treatment mainly affects the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi. In the 20-40cm soil layer, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi is greatly affected by different fertilization treatments;Ascomycota and Ba-sidiomycota are the main fungi in thesoil of the litchi orchard, and different fertilization treatments mainly affect the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
Key words: Litchi((Litchi Chinensis Sonn.); slow release fertilizer; nutrient release characteristics;saving fertilizer and increasing efficiency; soil microbial diversity
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